abstract the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of using model essays on the development of writing proficiency of iranian pre-intermediate efl learners. to fulfill the purpose of the study, 55 pre- intermediate learners of parsa language institute were chosen by means of administering proficiency test. based on the results of the pretest, two matched groups, one as the expe...

abstract in written mode of language, metadiscourse markers are used commonly to help writers in general and academic writers in particular to produce coherent and professional texts. the purpose of the present study was to compare introduction sections of applied linguistics and physics articles regarding their use of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers based on the model pro...

1.0 overview it seems that grammar plays a crucial role in the area of second and foreign language learning and widely has been acknowledged in grammar research. in other words, teaching grammar is an issue which has attracted much attention to itself, and a lot of teachers argue about the existence of grammar in language teaching and learning. this issue will remind us a famous sentence f...

Background and purpose: There are some strengths and weaknesses in current indicators of scientometrics. This study aimed to present a new index of scientometrics in evaluating scientific output of Iranian medical journals. Materials and methods: This exploratory analytical study was done with a scientometric approach in scientific output of 108 medical science journals indexed in Scopus and 6...

the main objective in sampling is to select a sample from a population in order to estimate some unknown population parameter, usually a total or a mean of some interesting variable. a simple way to take a sample of size n is to let all the possible samples have the same probability of being selected. this is called simple random sampling and then all units have the same probability of being ch...

this study attempted to explore if teaching english collocations through two different modes of awareness-raising and input flooding has any possible differential effect on immediate retention as well as retention in a delayed assessment. it also compared the possible differential effect of teaching english collocations implicitly and explicitly on actively using the items in writing. m...

implicit and unobserved errors and vulnerabilities issues usually arise in cryptographic protocols and especially in authentication protocols. this may enable an attacker to make serious damages to the desired system, such as having the access to or changing secret documents, interfering in bank transactions, having access to users’ accounts, or may be having the control all over the syste...

تحلیل پوششی داده ها به عنوان ابزاری مناسب برای اندازه گیری کارایی واحدهای تصمیم گیرنده در آمده است. از جمله کاربردهای انواع کارایی محاسبه و اندازه گیری بهره وری واحدهای تصمیم گیرنده می باشند. اندیس مالم کوییست رایج، مدور نیست. در این پایان نامه به بیان اندیس مالم کوییست ارایه شده توسط پورتلا و تاناسولیس برای تغییر بهره وری در سرتاسر زمان با خاصیت مدور می پردازیم (a circular meta-malmquist idex ...