Antigenic variation of type Asia 1 foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus in Thailand was examined using a total of 50 field viruses isolated between 1986 and 1992. A two-dimensional serum neutralisation test was used to calculate r values for comparison of these isolates with a reference vaccine strain, Asia 1 Bangkok 1960 (BKK/60). Viruses were also compared to two field isolates, Asia 1 36-2/88 ...

UNLABELLED Because the currently available vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) provide no protection until 4 to 7 days postvaccination, the only alternative method to halt the spread of the FMD virus (FMDV) during outbreaks is the application of antiviral agents. Combination treatment strategies have been used to enhance the efficacy of antiviral agents, and such strategies may be adv...

Traceback systems in most countries of Asia are not well developed, as indicated by responses to a questionnaire by veterinary officials in thirteen countries. Marking of animals for traceback is practised only in a limited number of countries in specific areas or zones and for specific purposes only. In Malaysia, traceback has been undertaken by marking farm code tattoos on pigs. This enables ...

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The disease was initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen identified as a virus. Recent FMD outbreaks in developed countries and their significant economic impact have increased the concern of governments worldwide. This review describes the reemergence of FMD in developed count...

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) was first recognised in South America in 1870, almost simultaneously in the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), in the central region of Chile, in Uruguay, in southern Brazil and coincidentally, on the northeastern coast of the United States of America. The epidemiology of the disease was unknown and no government action was taken following the initial outbreaks. ...

This work was designed to provide high protective, long-lasting immunity against FMD by enhancing the immunogenicity of trivalent vaccine using carbomer as adjuvant G. pigs an alternative cheapest animal model for quality control testing prepared vaccines formulae. Guinea were chosen experimental models develop concepts and techniques study PD50 because similarities clinical symptoms in these a...

The performance of a trivalent oil-adjuvanted FMD vac­ cine formulated with O1 Campos, A24 Cruzeiro and C3 Indaial FMD antigens has been evaluated in fattening pigs in Brazil. As previously demonstrated, a single dose of this type of vaccine injected at the time of weaning induced a rapid onset of protection against challenge and a protracted immunity lasting at least for four months, i.e. the ...

Serological relationships between six type O FMD virus iso­ lates from different parts of India were studied using two-dimensional microneutralisation tests. All the strains in the study were shown to be related to the O5 subtype. The vaccine strain, O India 53/79, exhibited the broadest serological spectrum, although small differences were observed with isolates from Northern and Western India...