Picoa species are hypogeous desert truffles, which can be found in semi-arid ranges of North Africa, West Asian, South of Europe and Middle East, including Iran (Moreno et al. 2000, Jamali & Banihashemi 2012, 2013). Picoa species form symbiosis mainly on roots of annual and perennial herbaceous plants of the Helianthemum, including H. ledifolium and H. salicifolium var. salicifolium (Jamali & B...

This study examined the relationship among foreign language enjoyment (FLE), second L2 grit, online learning self-efficacy (OLSE), and engagement Iranian English as a (EFL) learners. The involved 578 EFL learners who completed self-report measures of four constructs. Confirmatory factor analysis structural equation modeling were employed to confirm validity scales test hypothesized model. findi...

Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy account for about 30 to 40% of the pharmacoresistant epilepsy and can be associated with impairments in multiple cognitive domains, including memory, language, executive function, intelligence and motor speed. Research studies investigating the generalized nature of cognitive impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy, which accounts for the commonest form of foca...

OBJECTIVES The aim was to describe the contribution of basal ganglia (BG) thalamo-cortical circuitry to the whole-brain functional connectivity in focal epilepsies. METHODS Interictal resting-state fMRI recordings were acquired in 46 persons with focal epilepsies. Of these 46, 22 had temporal lobe epilepsy: 9 left temporal (LTLE), 13 right temporal (RTLE); 15 had frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE); ...

The Pacific coast tick, Dermacentor occidentalis Marx, is found throughout California and can harbor agents that cause human diseases such as anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, tularemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and rickettsiosis 364D. Previous studies have demonstrated that nonpathogenic endosymbiotic bacteria can interfere with Rickettsia co-infections in other tick species. We hypothesized tha...

Studies have shown that “framing bias,” a phenomenon in which two different presentations of the same decision-making problem provoke answers, is reduced foreign language (the Foreign Language effect, FLe). Three explanations emerged to account for difference. First, cognitive enhancement hypothesis states lower proficiency FL leads more deliberate processing, reducing framing bias. Second, con...