| Gear theory is reexamined and we nd optimal shapes for gears. As optimality criteria, we allow: (1) minimal frictional losses (highest eeciency) assuming linear law of friction or (2) uniform maximum stress (it will wear out slowly and last the longest) assuming Hertzian contacts or (3) uniform maximal temperature, assuming we are in a high power limit in which all heat is removed by the lubr...

I use a game theoretic model of diversionary war incentives to help explain the lack of a consistent empirical relationship between domestic conditions and the use of force abroad. I argue that when diversionary behavior is about demonstrating competence rather than creating a short-term ‘‘rally round the flag’’ effect, a leader has incentives to use force against a challenging target, and this...

This paper describes a dynamic system-a system that develops order only when dissipating energy-comprising millimeter to centimeter scale gears that self-assemble into a simple machine at a fluid/air interface. The gears are driven externally and indirectly by magnetic interactions; they are made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) or magnetically doped PDMS, and fabricated by soft lithography. Tr...

Abstract Balanced harvest (BH) proposes moderate fishing mortality rates across all species or sizes in proportion to productivity, serving as a possible strategy for ecosystem-based fisheries management. Fishing patterns some developing countries (e.g. China, the largest producer of seafood) closely resemble BH, where catches have been highly diversified by unselective gears due market demand ...

Through the advancement of observation systems, our vision has far extended its reach into world fishes, and how they interact with fishing gears—breaking through physical boundaries visually adapting to challenging conditions in marine environments. As sciences step era artificial intelligence (AI), deep learning models now provide tools for researchers process a large amount imagery data (i.e...