Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous, persistent chemicals that have been widely used in the production of common household and consumer goods for their nonflammable, lipophobic, and hydrophobic properties. Inverse associations between maternal or umbilical cord blood concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonate and birth weight have been identified. This lit...

The majority of studies of the birth spacing–child survival relationship rely on retrospective data, which are vulnerable to errors that might bias results. The relationship is reassessed using prospective data on 13,502 children born in two Nairobi slums between 2003 and 2009. Nearly 48% were first births. Among the remainder, short preceding intervals are common: 20% of second and higher orde...

The majority of studies of the birth spacing-child survival relationship rely on retrospective data, which are vulnerable to errors that might bias results. The relationship is re-assessed using prospective data on 13,502 children born in two Nairobi slums between 2003 and 2009. Nearly 48% were first births. Among the remainder, short preceding intervals are common: 20% of second and higher ord...

BACKGROUND A recent California study reported increased risk of autistic disorder in children conceived within a year after the birth of a sibling. METHODS We assessed the association between interpregnancy interval and risk of autistic disorder using nationwide registry data on pairs of singleton full siblings born in Norway. We defined interpregnancy interval as the time from birth of the f...

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy is a common nutritional disorder with adverse effects for the baby, such as premature birth and low birth weight, and the mother, such as cardiovascular symptoms and reduced physical and mental strength. Therefore, identifying factors affective on IDA will assist the improvement of the health of the mother and fetus. This study aimed to ...

The data of the Population Labour Force and Migration (PLM) Survey of 1979-1980 was analyzed in order to study spacing between births as well as differentials in urban and rural areas, differentials by age at marriage, urbanization, education, work pattern, and contraceptive use. The median intervals from PLM Survey of 1979-80 and Pakistan Fertility Survey (PFS) of 1975 birth histories were co...

Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch) are one of the most endangered gibbon species in the world. Data on the reproductive biology of the species are almost nonexistent, and a general understanding of the female reproductive biology of this species is important for both ex situ and in situ conservation. Using 18 years of data from 11 captive individuals, we provide new information on the reproductiv...

OBJECTIVES To test the contraceptive confidence hypothesis in a modern context. The hypothesis is that women using effective or modern contraceptive methods have increased contraceptive confidence and hence a shorter interval between marriage and first birth than users of ineffective or traditional methods. We extend the hypothesis to incorporate the role of abortion, arguing that it acts as a ...

in this research a comparative study has been made between case and control groups. the cases were low birth weight newborns (under 2500 gr) and the controls were normal berth weighing 2500 gr or more at birth. four groups of birth weight were considered as follows: very low birth weight, low birth weight, moderately low birth weight and normal. the data were collected over a period of 8 months...

BACKGROUND Short birth intervals have been associated with adverse health outcomes, including infant, child and maternal mortality. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the duration and determinants of inter birth intervals among women of reproductive age in Yazd, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cluster sampling technique was used to select 400 ever-married women aged 15-49 years in Yazd, Islami...