Financial instruments are one of the fundamental dimensions of financial markets that guarantee their efficiency and effectiveness of these markets. These instruments playe a main role in economy to direct money from saving sources to investment needs. These instruments provide possibility of financing companies from public and private sources and also are considered as investment instruments f...

this study is related to an islamic project financing with a major focus on investigating the role of islamic finance in financing infrastructural development projects (toll roads, power plants, airports, and plants, as well as natural resource exploitation projects, such as hydroelectric dams, mining projects, oil and gas assets, and paper mills), especially in the context of pakistan. infrast...

BACKGROUND Even though Africa has the highest disease burden compared with other regions, it has the lowest per capita spending on health. In 2007, 27 (51%) out the 53 countries spent less than US$50 per person on health. Almost 30% of the total health expenditure came from governments, 50% from private sources (of which 71% was from out-of-pocket payments by households) and 20% from donors. Th...

sources to define coverage limits for new and standard medical interventions, including technology assessment reports, the results of randomized trials, and professional guidelines, according to the findings of a research project funded by The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Changes in Health Care Financing and Organization (HCFO) initiative. The vast majority of medical directors reported tha...

University funding consists of high General University Funds (GUF) and a few sources of traceable project funding – for example, the Austrian Science Fund. The GUF structure tends to resist structural change, although reforms are now under way. The level of university autonomy is increasing and there has been a parallel shift towards more project-oriented and quality-controlled forms of financing.

The global financial crisis has hit biotech companies hard both in the US and Europe as venture capital dries up. Finding new sources of long-term financing for translating research into new therapeutics will be essential for maintaining innovation and new drug development by biotech companies.

Childhood stunting, being short for one's age, has life-long consequences for health, human capital and economic growth. Being stunted in early childhood is associated with slower cognitive development, reduced schooling attainment and adult incomes decreased by 5-53%. The World Health Assembly has endorsed global nutrition targets including one to reduce the number of stunted children under fi...

BACKGROUND Financial protection against the cost of unforeseen ill health has become a global concern as expressed in the 2005 World Health Assembly resolution (WHA58.33), which urges its member states to "plan the transition to universal coverage of their citizens". An important element of financial risk protection is to distribute health care financing fairly in relation to ability to pay. Th...

Little is known about health system equity in Tanzania, whether in terms of distribution of the health care financing burden or distribution of health care benefits. This study undertook a combined analysis of both financing and benefit incidence to explore the distribution of health care benefits and financing burden across socio-economic groups. A system-wide analysis of benefits was undertak...

By presenting this collection of timely and interesting papers in a single volume, Evans et al. make a valuable contribution to the growing literature on social inequalities in health. The volume includes work from and about countries on all the continents, and a wide range of conceptual, methodological, and empirical approaches. Anyone concerned with achieving greater equity in health and deve...