Lateral root (LR) formation is initiated when pericycle cells accumulate auxin, thereby acquiring founder cell (FC) status and triggering asymmetric cell divisions, giving rise to a new primordium. How this auxin maximum in pericycle cells builds up and remains focused is not understood. We report that the endodermis plays an active role in the regulation of auxin accumulation and is instructiv...

Human brain functional networks contain a few densely connected hubs that play a vital role in transferring information across regions during resting and task states. However, the relationship of these functional hubs to measures of brain physiology, such as regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), remains incompletely understood. Here, we used functional MRI data of blood-oxygenation-level-depende...

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a contagious agent of Newcastle disease in avian species and seriously affects the poultry industry. The cleavage site of the viral F protein (Fcs) is a key determinant of membrane fusion and viral virulence. In this study, we investigated the precise effect of variable amino acid sequences of the Fcs on fusogenic activity. Based on viral pathogenicity, the Fcs ...

Eighty per cent of rat blastocysts (Wistar, SW72) cultured for 96 h in NCTC-109 supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS) hatched from the zona pellucida and developed a trophoblast giant cell lyer. Thirty seven per cent from the rat blastocysts developed an inner cell mass (ICM) which, in about 7% consisted of two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) compared to 84% in NMRI mice. A significantly...

Introduction: Fetal calf serum (FCS) is commonly used as a supplement in the culture medium for fibroblast cells. This supplementation is far from ideal as sample quality varies from batch to batch and the composition of FCS is not completely known. In addition, FCS may be contaminated with viruses and/or prions and may also cause adverse immunologic responses in humans. Due to these facts, a w...

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact livelihood capitals on smallholder farmers’ food security. This employed cross-sectional data from 300 farmers in Malang Regency East Java, Indonesia. household expenditure and consumption score (FCS) were applied security status. Furthermore, analyzed using multiple linear regression estimate effect expenditure, an ordered probit model was used...

One of the key issues in the current controversy over the hunting of wolves in Sweden is whether the wolf population has reached favourable conservation status (FCS). FCS is a legal concept, created and defined in law, but like many legal concepts within environmental law, can only be understood by reference to ecological concepts such as species viability. These ecological determinations in tu...

Typical microscopic methods used for characterizing intracellular protein mobility are, e.g., fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FRAP) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Of these, FRAP can image protein mobility in entire two-dimensional sections of live cells, but is typically limited to the time resolution of confocal image series, some frames per second. FCS, on the other ha...

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measures the fluorescence fluctuations of fluorophores in solution, but is restricted to extremely low concentrations. Plasmonic gold bowtie nanoantennas enhance a single molecule’s fluorescence relative to a large background of unenhanced molecules, and here we show that bowties can extend FCS measurements to much higher concentrations. In this demon...

In fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and photon counting histogram (PCH) analysis, the same experimental fluorescence intensity fluctuations are used, but each analytical method focuses on a different property of the signal. The time-dependent decay of the correlation of fluorescence fluctuations is measured in FCS yielding molecular diffusion coefficients and triplet-state parameters...