Multiple-channels of electromyogram activity are frequently transduced via electrodes, then combined electronically to form one electrophysiologic recording, e.g. bipolar, linear double difference and Laplacian montages. For high quality recordings, precise gain and frequency response matching of the individual electrode potentials is achieved in hardware (e.g., an instrumentation amplifier for...

To test whether electromyogram (EMG) is nonlinear deterministic signal or just random noise, we comprehensively analyze four EMGs of an adult woman. At first, we calculate the correlation time, L-Z complexity, approximate entropy (ApEn), maximum Lyapunov exponent (Ly1) and correlation dimension (Dcorr) of each EMG data and its ten surrogate data. We find that all the results are quite different...

Some guidelines are given for the interpretation of the electromyogram (EMG). In static isometric contractions there is, usually a linear, relationship between muscle force and smoothed rectified EMG (SRE). It should be considered, however, that most of the time several muscles are active simultaneously around a joint. This finding implies that the relationship between the SRE of a single muscl...

The physical qualities of water are well established and include buoyancy, water drag force, hydrostatic pressure and thermal conductivity [1]. The large difference in these physical qualities, compared to land-based activities, affect the human body in both physiologic and biomechanical aspects. An example of this is buoyancy, which acts vertically against gravity on the immersed object thus d...

INTRODUCTION The surface electromyogram (EMG) is a highly complex, structured signal. It contains a wealth of information on both the state of the muscle and on the central nervous system control patterns that govern its activation. Identifying the information that can be extracted reliably from the EMG signal and determining the optimal recording and analysis methods to achieve this, remains a...

The purpose of this study was to establish the phrenic nerve conduction time (PNCT) for magnetic stimulation and further assess the relatively new technique of anterior unilateral magnetic stimulation (UMS) of the phrenic nerves in evaluating the diaphragm electromyogram (EMG). An oesophageal electrode was used to record the diaphragm compound muscle action potential (CMAP) elicited by supramax...

Although speech is the most natural means for communication among humans, there are situations in which speech is impossible or inappropriate. Examples include people with vocal cord damage, underwater communications or in noisy environments. To address some of the limitations of speech communication, nonacoustic communication systems using surface electromyogram signals have been proposed. How...

Electromyography is the study of muscle function through the electrical signals from the muscles. In surface electromyography the electrical signal is detected on the skin. The signal arises from ion exchanges across the muscle fibres’ membranes. The ion exchange in a motor unit, which is the smallest unit of excitation, produces a waveform that is called an action potential (AP). When a sustai...