Using a discourse analytic qualitative approach, we investigated the naturally-occurring discourse that arose as part of two kinds of regular course activities, synchronous and asynchronous computer-mediated discussions. The messages contributed by members of a graduate course were analyzed for the kind of discourse functions and the kind of politeness strategies they displayed. Results indicat...

10.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN .............................. 424 10.1.1 Randomization ................................................................................... 430 10.1.2 Replication and Pseudoreplication ................................................. 431 10.1.3 Design Control .................................................................................. 437 10...

Competition is an important interaction in ecology, and many experiments have been done to examine the effects of intraspecific and interspecific competition. Unfortunately, most of these experiments have been done using either substitution or additive experimental designs. Substitution designs, and to a lesser extent additive designs, severely limit the useful inferences that ecologists can dr...

The methods of evaluating change and improvement strategies are not well described. The design and conduct of a range of experimental and non-experimental quantitative designs are considered. Such study designs should usually be used in a context where they build on appropriate theoretical, qualitative and modelling work, particularly in the development of appropriate interventions. A range of ...

Split-plot experimental data are often analyzed as if the came from a completely randomized design. As is well known, ignoring different levels of randomization and replication can lead to serious inferential errors. However, in some experiments, including many ocean global change experiments that motivated this research, variation between whole-plot units may be small relative subplot units. E...

The methods of evaluating change and improvement strategies are not well described. The design and conduct of a range of experimental and non-experimental quantitative designs are considered. Such study designs should usually be used in a context where they build on appropriate theoretical, qualitative and modelling work, particularly in the development of appropriate interventions. A range of ...