Figure 2 Cross-hair laser level. Plastic surgery relies on accurate preoperative evaluation and planning. The simple marker pen and tape measure have been essential tools of the trade, but modern tradesmen in engineering and other fields have moved on to more sophisticated devices. One such device is a laser level that emits a laser line (as opposed to a single dot), which can be orientated wit...

classes contains detailed information on the history of development of the drug, chemistry, mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, spectrum and degree of antimicrobial activity, pharmacology, toxicity and adverse effects, drug interactions, drug monitoring (if necessary), and therapeutic indications. It is a strength of such a multi-authored text that there is good and consistent chapter...

Laser technology is used in many basic and clinical disciplines and specialties, and it has played an important role in promoting the development of ophthalmology, especially corneal refractive surgery. We provide an overview of the evolution of laser technology for use in refractive and other ophthalmologic surgeries, mainly focusing on two types of lasers and their applications. First, we dis...