Many birds can defend body temperature (Tb) far below air temperature (Ta) during acute heat exposure, but relatively little is known about how avian heat tolerance and evaporative cooling capacity varies with body mass (Mb), phylogeny or ecological factors. We determined maximum rates of evaporative heat dissipation and thermal end points (Tb and Ta associated with thermoregulatory failure) in...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Evaporative dry eye disease is one of the most common types of dry eye. It is often the result of chronic meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and associated ocular rosacea. Evaporative dry eye and MGD significantly reduce patient's quality of life. Traditional treatments, such as artificial tears, warm compresses, and medications, such as topical cyclosporine, azithromycin, and ...

Background/introduction An approach of drug delivery to hypovascular tumor tissues is proposed. For such tumor tissues, it is difficult to deliver anti-tumor agents at enough concentration and duration by either systemic or local administration. If we could manipulate the distribution of locally injected drugs by ultrasound, an efficient drug therapy would be possible. We have found that locall...

A Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) is proposed for the estimation of atmospheric turbulent fluxes and evaporative fraction using satellite earth observation data, in combination with meteorological information at proper scales. SEBS consists of: a set of tools for the determination of the land surface physical parameters, such as albedo, emissivity, temperature, vegetation coverage etc., fr...

Birds living in desert environments have been the preferred models for the study of physiological adaptations to water scarcity. Passerine birds living in marine coastal habitats face similar problems, yet physiological adaptations to water conservation in such species have been poorly documented. We measured total evaporative water loss (TEWL) and rates of oxygen consumption (VO2) in three spe...

Analytical expressions of evaporative efficiency over bare soil (defined as the ratio of actual to potential soil evaporation) have been limited to soil layers with a fixed depth and/or to specific atmospheric conditions. To fill the gap, a new analytical model is developed for arbitrary soil thicknesses and varying boundary layer conditions. The soil evaporative efficiency is written [0.5 − 0....

Hierarchical structures are common in both nature and technology. In the latter context, controlling the spatial arrangement of components over multiple length scales (i.e., forming hierarchically ordered structures) is highly desirable for many applications, such as lab-on-a-chip devices, integrated circuits, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs). [ 1 ] Most hierarchically ordered structu...

Evaporative cooling by water spray is increasingly used as an efficient and environmentally-friendly approach to enhance thermal comfort in built environments. The complex two-phase flow in a water spray system is influenced by many factors such as continuous phase velocity, temperature and relative humidity patterns, droplet characteristics and continuous phase-droplet and droplet-droplet inte...

the evaporation of liquid droplets is of fundamental importance in a large number of practical situations ranging from technological applications such as ink-jet printing, spray cooling and various coating processes, to a variety of biological and geophysical contexts. in this study, the behavior of the surfaces of glass, plexiglas, aluminum and copper in the evaporation of water droplets is st...