Discussions about the Adria microplate offer differing views depending on the timescale and data considered. Neotectonic studies using earthquake mechanisms and GPS site velocities find Adria moving northeastward away from Italy, and bounded by an extensional boundary in the Apennines and convergent boundaries in the Dinarides and Venetian Alps. However, geologic data show that Adria was subduc...

the iranian plateau is characterized by diverse tectonic domains, including the continental collisions (e.g. the zagros and alborz mountains) and oceanic plate subduction (e.g. makransubduction zone). to derive a detailed image of the crust–mantle (moho) and lithosphere–asthenosphere (lab) boundaries in some tectonically units of the iranian plateau, we used a large number of s receiver functio...

Russia Resurrected: Its Power and Purpose in a New Global OrderKathryn E. Stoner. Oxford York: University Press, 2021. £22.99/$29.95. 344 pp.Weak Strongman: The Limits of Putin’s RussiaTimothy Frye. Princeton, NJ: Princeton £20.00/$24.95. 269 pp.The Red Mirror: Leadership Russia’s Insecure IdentityGulnaz Sharafutdinova. 2020. £19.99/$29.95. 248 pp.Replacing the Dead: Politics Reproduction Postw...

The earth dynamic system is one of the key scientific questions on the earth science. The thermodynamic behavior and gravity force of the earth and the rheology nature of the mantle prove that mantle convection is the main power source leading the lithosphere to break and move. Yet the directivity of both the structures in the crust and plate movement reminds of the earth rotation. Here we demo...

We review both present and past motions at major plate boundaries, which have the horizontal component in average 10 to 100 times faster (10–100 mm/yr) than the vertical component (0.01–1 mm/yr) in all geodynamic settings. The steady faster horizontal velocity of the lithosphere with respect to the upward or downward velocities at plate 5 boundaries supports dominating tangential forces acting ...