In an environment of intense change, where the boundaries marketing are expanding day by day, trust and loyalty towards brands affect success brands. There may be sociological factors underlying this sense trust. It is important to examine these elements in order make activities customer-oriented, as required new age. context, main purpose study role consumer ethnocentrism, xenocentrism, cosmop...

In-group favoritism is the tendency for individuals to cooperate with in-group members more strongly than with out-group members. Similar concepts have been described across different domains, including in-group bias, tag-based cooperation, parochial altruism, and ethnocentrism. Both humans and other animals show this behavior. Here, we review evolutionary mechanisms for explaining this phenome...