Critical theory emerged in Germany in the 1920s with the establishment of the Institute for Social Research at Frankfurt-am Main in 1923. The term ‘critical theory’ was originally coined and used by Max Horkheimer in 1937 to describe the theoretical programme of the school. Known as the ‘Frankfurt School’ the group became exiled to France then to the United States in the early 1930s until 1941 ...

Designating parts of the city’s protected areas that are worthy preservation has been part urban-planning practice in Europe since at least 1970s. Such efforts drew on post-war reconstruction planning, which had already addressed questions historic city centers were worth preserving or rebuilding. However, influence planning will to preserve historical so far under-researched. The central conce...

Introduction Post World War II Germany was facing enormous problems caused by its immediate past: psychological, economical, social, political, moral. In addition it had to deal with an awkward situation of the country being split artificially into two diametrically different republics. It had to cope with its heritage and recent past and find a way out of the impasse to be able to function in ...

The Lasting Effect of Sex Ratio Imbalance on Marriage and Family: Evidence from World War II in Russia* How does a shock to sex ratios affect marriage markets and fertility? I use the drastic change in sex ratios caused by World War II to identify the effects of unbalanced sex ratios on Russian women. Using unique data from the Soviet archives, the results indicate that male scarcity led to low...

I estimate two factor models of Swiss exchange rates during the First World War. I have data for five of the primary belligerents: Britain, France, Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. At the outbreak of the war, these nations suspended convertibility of their currencies into gold with the promise that after the war each would restore convertibility at the old par. However, once convertibility ...

This paper examines the emerging relationship between the US and Japan with respect to A r t i f i c i a l Intelligence and the signif icant trend towards US-Japan cooperative Al research and development. This trend is underscored by the increasing investment by both nations to develop massive 5th generation computer technology. The importance of the US and Japan's relationship is amplified by ...

This article analyses the emergence of administrative science in France wake Second World War. The birth this discipline is examined through history its founders, a group comparatist aiming at developing universal principles. post-war context prompted creation checks and balances against power (through oversight legality action) powers nation states human rights international organizations). Ad...