The aim of this paper is to offer the first systematic exploration and definition equivalent causal models in context where both are not made up same variables. idea that two when they agree on all "essential" information can be expressed using their common I do so by focussing main features models, namely structural relations functional relations. In particular, define several ancestry suffici...

Burt introduced 1983 'equivalent weighting function': \Iterative pyramid generation is equivalent to convolving the image g 0 with a set of 'equivalent weighting functions' h l :" g l = h l g 0 = h g l?1 ; l > 1. It allowed him to study the eeects of iterated reduction (e.g. the low-pass character of Gaussian pyramids) using the single parameter h l without giving up the eecient iterative compu...

We construct an example of two countable spaces X and Y such that the spaces C,‘(X) and CG (Y) are homeomorphic and the spaces C,(X) and C,(Y) are not homeomorphic. o 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

The theoretical foundations of linear circuit theory rest on Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism. In its more applied form, circuit theory rests on the key concepts of Kirchoff’s Laws, impedance, Ohm’s Law (in its most general sense by encompassing impedances), and the Principle of Superposition. From this foundation, any linear circuit can be solved: Given a specification of all sources in th...

translation of idioms seems to be complicated for most translators since the meaning of idioms is difficult and sometimes impossible to be deduced from the meaning of their individual components. considering the difficulties of translation of idioms and also the specific constraints of subtitling such as space and time limits, this research studied the strategies employed in translation of idio...

Elliptic curves in Hesse form admit more suitable arithmetic than ones in Weierstrass form. But elliptic curve cryptosystems usually use Weierstrass form. It is known that both those forms are birationally equivalent. Birational equivalence is relatively hard to compute. We prove that elliptic curves in Hesse form and in Weierstrass form are linearly equivalent over initial field or its small e...

As described in my previous paper [1], the voltage-source equivalent was first derived by Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894) in a 1853 paper [2]. Exactly thirty years later in 1883, Léon Charles Thévenin (1857–1926) published the same result [3, 4] apparently unaware of Helmholtz’s work. The generality of the equivalent source network was not appreciated until forty-three years later. Then, in 1...