Comparative analyses of complete chloroplast (cp) DNA sequences within a species may provide clues to understand the population dynamics and colonization histories of plant species. Equisetum arvense (Equisetaceae) is a widely distributed fern species in northeastern Asia, Europe, and North America. The complete cp DNA sequences from Asian and American E. arvense individuals were compared in th...

Trends in skin and hair treatments focus on natural products due to undesired effects of chemically synthetic ingredients. This study aims investigate the cosmeceutical Equisetum debile (horsetail) extracts relating anti-hyperpigmentation via tyrosinase, anti-wrinkle formation matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), anti-androgenic alopecia 5α-reductase. Ethanolic were sequentially partitioned into s...