In this prospective pilot study the efficiency of an inflatable, balloon-shaped vaginal dilatator (Epi-no®) was examined. This Birth Trainer is designed to gently mechanically expand the birth canal and to therefore reduce the episiotomy rate and improve the fetal outcome. 50 primiparae with a gestational age of 38 completed weeks aiming at a spontaneous birth participated in this Birth Trainin...

BACKGROUND Water immersion delivery is a non-pharmacological approach to ease labor pain. This paper aims to investigate the effect of water immersion delivery on increasing strength of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) and relieving pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) during postpartum period. METHODS A total of 2749 vaginal-delivery primiparas in postpartum 6-8 weeks were selected as research objects. Ba...

The aim was to compare healing and perineal pain with the use of continuous and interrupted suture techniques in women after normal delivery. A randomized controlled trial was carried out at a hospital birth center in Itapecirica da Serra, Sao Paulo, Brazil. A total of 61 women participated with episiotomy or second degree perineal tear, allocated in two groups according to the continuous (n=31...

BACKGROUND According to some published studies, neuraxial analgesia may be associated with prolonged labor and an increased risk for instrumental vaginal delivery. However, its effects on episiotomy are unknown. This study aimed to examine the incidence of episiotomy with and without combined spinal-epidural analgesia (CSEA) during labor. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study, in whic...

Episiotomy is obstetric procedure during which the incision extends the vestibule of the vagina during the second stage of labor. Episiotomy was extensively spread with gradual increase of rates in the first half of the 20th century and was performed medio-laterally in all nulliparous women with the idea to protect fetal head from trauma and pelvic floor from injuries. However, reports claiming...

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. Observe before after cold compress on sample be selected. Determines whether Ho will accepted or rejected Ha accepted, vice versa. number samples was 30 postpartum mothers with grade I II episiotomy wounds. results univariate analysis showed that from respondents, 0% respondents who e...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the repair techniques of continuous and interrupted methods for episiotomy or perineal tears. DESIGN A randomised controlled trial. SETTING The Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias, a state hospital belonging to the community of Madrid. SAMPLE Four hundred forty-five women who had undergone vaginal deliveries with episiotomies or second-grade tearing of the pe...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relation between midline episiotomy and postpartum anal incontinence. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study with three study arms and six months of follow up. SETTING University teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS Primiparous women who vaginally delivered a live full term, singleton baby between 1 August 1996 and 8 February 1997: 209 who received an episiotomy; 206 who d...

INTRODUCTION Episiotomy angle is a crucial factor in causation of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS), which are the major cause of female bowel incontinence. Sutured episiotomies angled too close to the midline (<30 degree) or too far away from the midline (>60 degree) fail to unload the perineum sufficiently and predispose to OASIS. A 25-degree post-delivery episiotomy suture angle has ...