background the caudal approach to the epidural space has been used for decades to treat low back pain caused by lumbosacral root compression. the use of fluoroscopy during epidural steroid injection is the preferred method for placing the needle more accurately in the sacral hiatus, but it carries the risk of radiation hazard. objectives the aim of the study was to assess the anatomical structu...

There are 24 individual vertebrae: seven cervical, 12 thoracic and five lumbar. The five (fused) sacral vertebrae and the coccyx (made up of 3–5 rudimentary vertebrae) are not always classed as being a part of the vertebral column.Vertebral anatomyvaries according to each level. The atlas and the axis are highly atypical and the first ‘recognizably normal’ vertebra isC3.Atlas andaxis anatomyare...

the objective of the present experience was to study the effects of metoclopramide and tramadol on epidural analgesia induced by lidocaine in rabbits.fifteen healthy new zealand white rabbits weighting 3-3.5 kg of both genders were used.animals were divided randomly into three groups. three different combinations of drugs were injected into the epidural space to induce epidural analgesia in the...

Caudal epidural block is a commonly used technique for surgical anesthesia in children and chronic pain management in adults. It is performed by inserting a needle through the sacral hiatus to gain entrance into the sacral epidural space. Using conventional blind technique, the failure rate of caudal epidural block in adults is high even in experienced hands. This high failure rate could be att...

Objective- To evaluate the effects of bupivacaine (B), ketamine (K), and a combination of bupivacaine and ketamine (BK) after lumbosacral epidural analgesia in sheep.   Design- Experimental study.   Animals- Nine healthy male and non-pregnant female Iranian Chall sheep with mean body weight of 38.9 ± 15.1 kg.   Procedures- Animals were selected randomly and three treatments administered. The ...

BACKGROUND Ultrasound imaging of the spine has recently been proposed to facilitate identification of the epidural space. In this study, we assessed the accuracy and precision of the transverse approach, using a "single-screen" method, to facilitate labor epidurals. METHODS We enrolled 61 patients requesting labor epidurals. Ultrasound imaging (transverse approach, 2-5 MHz curved array probe)...

Background and Importance: Disk sequestration can be defined as a herniated disk with perforation of the fibrous ring (or outermost annulus fibrosus) and posterior longitudinal ligament with migration of the disk fragment to the epidural space. Even after the introduction of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it is still frequently misinterpreted as neoplastic masses. U...

the aim of this study was to determine whether anesthesia consisting of sedation induced by intramuscular administration of xylazine-diazepam and lumbosacral analgesia induced by epidural administration of lidocaine and xylazine is satisfactory for castration and ovariohysterectomy in cats. six adult (3 male and 3 female, 2.5 ± 0.5 years of age) cats (mean body weight ± sd, 2.2 ± 0.44 kg) were ...