Corn stover is emerging as a viable feedstock for producing bioethanol from renewable resources. Dilute-acid pretreatment of corn stover can solubilize a significant portion of the hemicellulosic component and enhance the enzymatic digestibility of the remaining cellulose for fermentation into ethanol. In this study, dilute H2SO4 pretreatment of corn stover was performed in a steam explosion re...

............................................................................................................6 Introduction ..........................................................................................7 Cellulosic ethanol overview........................................................................9 Genetic manipulation of biomass feedstock...........................................

The effect of pretreatment of rats with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activities was examined. Male rats, weighing 165g, were given a single i.p. injection of 5-FU, 120 mg/kg, and 7 days later the drug-metabolizing enzyme activities of a 10,000 x g supernatant fraction from liver homogenates were exam ined. Aniline hydroxylase, ethylmorphine /V-demethylase, and 2-(me...

The aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of the environmental factors, smoking and alcohol, on the biotransformation of cyclophosphamide (CP) in the rat in vivo and in vitro with S9 liver fractions. The biotransformation of CP was studied by the determination of the CP metabolites, nor-nitrogen mustard (NNM), 4-ketocyclophosphamide (KCP), and carboxyphosphamide (CAR). The ef...

To deeply understand the factors that affect the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars, experimental results should be bridged with process simulations. The objective of this paper is to review published research on modeling of the pretreatment process using leading technologies such as dilute acid, alkaline, and steam explosion pretreatment, as well as the enzymatic hydro...

Biofuel produced from lignocellulosic materials, so-called second generation bioethanol shows energetic, economic and environmental advantages in comparison to bioethanol from starch or sugar. However, physical and chemical barriers caused by the close association of the main components of lignocellulosic biomass, hinder the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose to fermentable sugars. The m...

Landoltia punctata, a widely distributed duckweed strain with the ability to accumulate starch, was used as a novel feedstock for bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To improve ethanol production, pectinase pretreatment was used to release much more glucose from L. punctata mash and the pretreatment conditions (enzyme loading, temperature and pretreatment time) for the duckweed w...

In this study, the effects of ultrasound radiation pretreatment on activity and conformation of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) from Bacillus sp. SK13.002 were investigated. Conformational change on the enzyme structure was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. Findings showed that the optimum ultrasound radiation pretreatment condition was 25 KHz, 30 W for 20 min in which the activity...

Corn stover fractions (leaves, cobs, and stalks) were studied for enzymatic digestibility after pretreatment with a white rot fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Among the three fractions, leaves had the least recalcitrance to fungal pretreatment and the lignin degradation reached 45% after 30 days of pretreatment. The lignin degradation of stalks and cobs was similar but was significantly low...

introduction: the use of lopinavir/ritonavir (lpv/r) has decreased morbidity and mortality due to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv); however its use could be impaired by hepatotoxicity. therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of melatonin (mt) and alpha lipoic acid (ala) on lpv/r-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. methods: rats were divided into groups and treate...