The restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by an urgency to move the legs usually associated with unpleasant sensations in the lower limbs. The symptoms predominate at rest and at night, and they are relieved by leg movements. It may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to diverse conditions, such as pregnancy, endstage renal disease, iron deficiency anemia, perip...

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is associated with a variety of well-known renal diseases like IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, and haemolytic uraemic syndrome [1]. HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is now being recognized as a distinct clinico-pathological entity that presents with proteinuria in the nephrotic range and impairment of renal function [1]. Untr...

Renal fibrosis is the principal process underlying the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to endstage renal disease (ESRD). It is a relatively uniform response involving glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and changes in renal vasculature (loss of glomerular and peritubular capillaries) (Figure 1). Of these, tubulointerstitial fibrosis has evolved as the most consistent pre...

The number of Kidney transplants has increased in last decades for many advances in diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. Kidney transplantation results in superior life expectancy and better quality of life if compared to dialysis treatment for patients with endstage renal failure. The success of graft survival after kidney transplantation is closely associated with early graft function based on...

Patients with advanced acute kidney injury (AKI) and endstage dialysis dependent renal failure (ESRF) are characterized by loss of renal function as well as significant associated co-morbidities. However, prognosis appears to differ when they are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Patients with advanced AKI have a reported ICU mortality between 25% and 90%, depending on the specific pat...

Received October 23, 2002 Abstract The management of children with chronic renal failure is primarily the responsibility of paediatric nephrologists, but doctors at all levels of care can help to prevent its onset and delay its progression to endstage renal failure. In Hong Kong, chronic renal failure in children are caused by three main groups of diseases: chronic pyelonephritis (36%), chronic...

this study was undertaken to define the prevalence of the upper gastrointestinal (gi) lesions, dyspeptic symptoms, h.pylori infection, and the impact of duration of dialysis on upper gi symptoms and lesions of children with end-stage renal disease. we studied 69 children with esrd who were under regular hemodialysis therapy in our department. the age of the patients were between 4-18 years (mea...

Between 20% and 40% of patients with diabetes ultimately develop diabetic nephropathy, which in the US is the most common cause of endstage renal disease requiring dialysis. Diabetic nephropathy has several distinct phases of development and multiple mechanisms contribute to the development of the disease and its outcomes. This Review provides a summary of the latest published data dealing with...