tranexamic acid (ta) is an antifibrinolytic agent which reduces bleeding following certain surgical procedures. the present study was performed on 56 patients, scheduled for elective endoscopic sinus surgery under general anesthesia, to examine the effects of topical ta on providing a bloodless surgical field and evaluate the bleeding volume. the study comprised 26 patients who received topical...

The minimally invasive endoscopic surgery was introduced in the late 1980s in the abdominal surgery as revolutionary surgical technique (Voges et al., 1997). Surgeons no longer needed to physically place their hands within the body to perform an operation. In minimal invasive surgery, instruments and viewing equipments are inserted into the body through small incisions. Long manipulators are us...