Salt production and trade is thought to be critical to the development of all states and emergent empires. Until now, however, scientific evidence of early salt production has rarely been presented, and no studies of early Chinese salt production have provided unequivocal proof. Here, we report x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses that demonstra...

Assessing the impact of cultural change on parasitism has been a central goal in archaeoparasitology. The influence of civilization and the development of empires on parasitism has not been evaluated. Presented here is a preliminary analysis of the change in human parasitism associated with the Inca conquest of the Lluta Valley in Northern Chile. Changes in parasite prevalence are described. It...

The use of Miswak, chewing sticks (salvadora persica) can be traced back to Babylonians some 7000 years ago. It was later used throughout the Roman and Greek empires, and has also been used by ancient Egyptians and muslims.It is commonly used throughout the world specially for the purpose of oral hygiene. Muslims are using as the religious view. Current study deals with the study of miswak for ...

During the sixteenth century, one of the axial moments in the reflection and production of utopias in what concerns the universal monarchy and the topic of the traslatio imperii was the Iberian Union. Nevertheless, the process of empire formation, in general terms, remains under-theorized. This paper presents a text by a chronicler, the Azorean priest Gaspar Frutuoso, who, by the end of the six...

The 33 bronze weights from the Late Antiquity Collection in the Archaeological Museum in Split are catalogued in this paper. They exhibit the oldest (spherical) shape of commercial weights, used throughout the territory of the Eastern and Western Empires. Most of them have Greek or Latin letters on their surfaces as designations of their mass, while on six of them it is impossible to ascertain ...

Self-determination is widely understood as an anti-imperial norm responsible in significant part for the global break-up of empires. But self-determination norms have been utilized as well to justify Great Power territorial expansion. This essay examines the ways in which self-determination norms have been wielded by the Soviet Union and Russia to justify overriding sovereignty norms, challenge...

Previous methods for extracting attributes (e.g., capital, population) of classes (Empires) from Web documents or search queries assume that relevant attributes occur verbatim in the source text. The extracted attributes are short phrases that correspond to quantifiable properties of various instances (ottoman empire, roman empire, mughal empire) of the class. This paper explores the extraction...

The goal of this special issue is to connect work done in colonial and post-colonial history European through a focus on imperial post-imperial healthcare. To date, histories healthcare have focused overwhelmingly developments empires. Europe’s land empires, such as those Central Eastern Europe consolidated by Austria-Hungary Prussia, received comparatively less attention English-language schol...

There is a long history of psychoactive substances being regarded as dangerous and subsequently being banned or forbidden. Often the bans were introduced on substances new and unfamiliar to a society, which were viewed as more dangerous than substances which were well known and enculturated. With industrialisation and the globalisation brought by European empires, the growing availability of ps...

The defining feature of agent-based models is precisely that fundamental social structures emerge from the interaction of individual agents. The shorthand for this is that the collective structures grow “from the bottom up.” As a result of research pioneered at SFI, there now exists an impressive— and rapidly growing—population of agent-based models, of coral reefs, ant colonies, bird flocks, f...