Contrast integration across space was studied in respect to stimulus extent and the spatial layout, using high-contrast stimuli. Contrast discrimination thresholds were measured (2AFC) by either increasing the size of a peripheral (2.4 degrees) Gabor signal (GS: lambda = 0.08 degree) or by increasing the number of GS elements in a circular arrangement. The supra-threshold mask (pedestal) was ei...

In human vision, the response to luminance contrast at each small region in the image is controlled by a more global process where suppressive signals are pooled over spatial frequency and orientation bands. But what rules govern summation among stimulus components within the suppressive pool? We addressed this question by extending a pedestal plus pattern mask paradigm to use a stimulus with u...

Measurements of long wavelength density fluctuations in the pedestal region of DIII-D plasmas have revealed several important features of edge instabilities during type I edge localized mode (ELMing) and ELMfree discharges. These features, measured with a 2D array of beam emission spectroscopy channels, include: toroidal field and spatial dependence of two distinct frequency bands (50–150 kHz a...

High-resolution charge-exchange recombination spectroscopic measurements of B 5+ ions have enabled the first spatially resolved calculations of the radial electric field (E r) in the Alcator C-Mod pedestal region [E. offer new challenges for theory and simulation and provide for important comparisons with other devices. Qualitatively, the field structure observed on C-Mod is similar to that on ...

Upon intestinal colonization, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) induces epithelial cells to generate actin "pedestals" beneath bound bacteria, lesions that promote colonization. To induce pedestals, EHEC utilizes a type III secretion system to translocate into the mammalian cell bacterial effectors such as translocated intimin receptor (Tir), which localizes in the mammalian cell membra...

We consider the effects of a finite pedestal radial electric field on ion orbits using a unified approach. We then employ these modified orbit results to retain finite E×B drift departures from flux surfaces in an improved drift kinetic equation. The procedure allows us to make clear distinction between transit averages and flux surface averages when solving this kinetic equation. The technique...

Previous studies have shown that luminance flicker, presented peripheral to a foveal test target, increases thresholds for target detection: the peripheral flicker (PF) effect. These studies have also shown that thresholds are elevated more for luminance targets, relative to chromatic targets. In the present study we examined the specificity of the PF effect on the luminance mechanism and asses...

This study investigated how acute alcohol intake affects contrast processing mediated by inferred magnocellular (MC) and parvocellular (PC) pathways. Achromatic contrast discrimination thresholds were measured in 16 young healthy participants using a steady-pedestal, pulsed-pedestal or pedestal-Δ-pedestal paradigm designed to favor the inferred MC or the PC pathway. Each participant completed t...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to find a strength training protocol which maintains isometric contraction of the triceps surae during dorsal flexion of the ankle. [Subjects] The left feet of 22 young normal volunteers who did not have orthopedic injuries or lower limb pain participated in this study. [Methods] All subjects performed four sets of five repetitions of four sets calf-raise...