We consider reheating for a charged inflaton which is minimally coupled to electromagnetism. The evolution of such an induces time-dependent mass the photon. show how massive photon propagator can be expressed as spatial Fourier mode sum involving three different sorts functions, just like constant case. develop accurate analytic approximations these and use them approximate effective force exe...

We investigated students’ use of Newton’s second law in mechanics and electromagnetism contexts by interviewing students in a two-semester calculusbased physics course. We observed that students’ responses are consistent with three mental models, Newtonian, Aristotelian, and a hybrid model formed with elements of the first two models. These models appeared in mechanics contexts and were transfe...