Because an electric scooter driven by permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) servo-driven system has the unknown nonlinearity and the time-varying characteristics, its accurate dynamic model is difficult to establish for the design of the linear controller in whole system. In order to conquer this difficulty and raise robustness, a novel adaptive modified recurrent Legendre neural network (N...

The weakly electric fish have the electric organ to generate the electric field and electrosensory mechanism to read the change of electric field with their electroreceptors. The electric organ produce a waveform of electric field as their electric organ discharge (EOD). Their active electrolocation system can detect the distortion of the self-generated electric field, which is caused by a targ...

We will discuss some analogies between internal gauge theories and gravity in order to better understand the charge concept in gravity. A dimensional analysis of gauge theories in general and a strict deenition of elementary, monopole, and topological charges are applied to electromagnetism and to teleparallelism, a gauge theoretical formulation of Einstein gravity. As a result we inevitably nd...

We study the non-relativistic behavior of a particle with electric dipole moment and interacting with external electromagnetic fields on a noncommutative space (NCS). For a special configuration of the field, the phase of an electric dipole is derived as an application of the Aharonov-Bohm effect to a system composed of two charges. We find that the quantum phase for an electric dipole obtains ...

We will discuss some analogies between internal gauge theories and gravity in order to better understand the charge concept in gravity. A dimensional analysis of gauge theories in general and a strict definition of elementary, monopole, and topological charges are applied to electromagnetism and to teleparallelism, a gauge theoretical formulation of Einstein gravity. As a result we inevitably f...

We will discuss some analogies between internal gauge theories and gravity in order to better understand the charge concept in gravity. A dimensional analysis of gauge theories in general and a strict definition of elementary, monopole, and topological charges are applied to electromagnetism and to teleparallelism, a gauge theoretical formulation of Einstein gravity. As a result we inevitably f...

This paper explores the e↵ects of parameter sharing on Bayesian network (BN) parameter learning when there is incomplete data. Using the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm, we investigate how varying degrees of parameter sharing, varying number of hidden nodes, and di↵erent dataset sizes impact EM performance. The specific metrics of EM performance examined are: likelihood, error, and the ...