in welfare economic studies, because of the differences among households scale, we cannot consider household expenditures without attention to this factor. a simple method to consider household scale in welfare analysis is the usage of the per capita expenditure. but, the usage of per capita expenditure ignores economies of scale. in fact, per capita expenditure is a biased variable, and underv...

First paragraph: Why do industrial agricultural operations continue to displace smaller family farms in spite of their continued pollution the natural environment and degradation rural communi­ties? Large-scale, specialized operations, such as concentrated animal feeding (or CAFOs), persist because they have an economic advantage over smaller, diversified farming opera­tions. They higher ecolog...