The Effect of Educational Expenditure on Economic Productivity: A Comparison of the Situations in Iran, India, Japan, Germany, and Australia A. Abbaaspoor, Ph.D. E. Jahaangard, Ph.D. E. Misaaghifar Different countries may differ in their educational systems, but they are the same as far as their educational systems interacting with their socio-economic systems.  From a ...

Variations in aggregate poverty indices ca be due to differences in average poverty intensity, to changes in the welfare distances between those poor of initially unequal welfare status, and/or to emerging disparities in welfare among those poor of initially similar welfare status. This note uses a general cost-of-inequality approach that decomposes the total change in poverty into a sum of ind...

This paper reviews alternative approaches to measuring an economy’s cost competitiveness and proposes some new measures derived from the economic theory of index numbers. The indices provide a theoretical benchmark for estimated real e¤ective exchange rates, but di¤er from standard measures in that they are based on marginal rather than average sectoral shares in GDP or employment. The use of t...

This paper discusses the construction of an ecosystem services index (ESI) and the respective roles of ecology and economics in that effort. It extends the concept of an ESI, analogous to Gross Domestic Product, to other analogous indices, including an ecosystem price or value index, and a net ESI that accounts for interactions between ecosystem stocks and service flows. A central aim of this p...

This paper examines whether, given the increasing salience of subnational governments, political decentralisation has an impact on overall economic performance. It uses panel data analyses in order to determine the association between a number of the different indices of political decentralisation developed over the last decade and a half with two basic measures of economic performance: changes...

This paper investigates the impact of seventeen US macroeconomic announcements on two broad and representative commodity futures indices. Based on a large sample from 1989 to 2005 we show that the daily price response of the CRB and GSCI commodity futures indices to macroeconomic news is state-dependent. During recessions, positive (negative) news about inflation and real activity lead to posit...

This paper introduces a measure of distribution-sensitivity, which is similar to Arrow-Pratt's measure of risk aversion, for a poverty index. The measure also gauges poverty aversion and has a clear and straightforward interpretation. Using this measure, we can define various classes of minimum distribution-sensitive poverty indices. We show that the ordering condition for such a class of pover...

The Indices of Social Development combine over 200 variables from 25 sources, providing the most comprehensive database showing the variation of social institutions – understood as the informal norms and behaviors that pattern social interaction – across countries and over time. Based on these sources, progress on five areas, civic activism, clubs and associations, interpersonal safety and trus...

Reliability investigation has always been one of the most important issues in power systems planning. The outages rate in power system reflects the fact that more attentions should be paid on reliability indices to supply consumers with uninterrupted power. Using reliability indices in economic dispatch problem may lead to the system load demand with high reliability and low probability of powe...