This research presents three profit sharing models of a key item in a two-echelon supply chain production. The first model maximizes the supplier’s profit while allowing the producer to take his own optimal inspection sampling policy. The second model is developed exclusively to the supplier’s advantage. The last model adopts a collaborative strategy that permits both parties to negotiate an in...

let $ m , n in mathbb{n}$, $d$ be a division ring, and $m_{m times n}(d)$ denote the bimodule of all $m times n$ matrices with entries from $d$. first, we characterize one-sided submodules of $m_{m times n}(d)$ in terms of left row reduced echelon or right column reduced echelon matrices with entries from $d$. next, we introduce the notion of a nest module of matrices with entries from $d$. we ...

We address multi-item inventory systems with random and seasonally fluctuating, and possibly correlated, demands. The items are produced in two stages, each with its own lead-time; in the first stage a common intermediate product is manufactured. The production volumes in the first stage are bounded by given capacity limits. We develop an accurate lower bound and close-to-optimal heuristic stra...

Let $ m , n in mathbb{N}$, $D$ be a division ring, and $M_{m times n}(D)$ denote the bimodule of all $m times n$ matrices with entries from $D$. First, we characterize one-sided submodules of $M_{m times n}(D)$ in terms of left row reduced echelon or right column reduced echelon matrices with entries from $D$. Next, we introduce the notion of a nest module of matrices with entries from $D$. We ...

The paper studies the two-echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem with time windows, in which delivery of freight from depots to customers is performed using intermediate facilities called satellites. We consider variant precedence constraints for unloading and loading at In this allows storage consolidation Thus, total transportation cost may decrease comparison alternative exact synchroni...

W consider a two-echelon inventory system with a capacitated centralized production facility and several distribution centers (DCs). Both production and transportation times are stochastic with general distributions. Demand arrives at each DC according to an independent Poisson process and is backlogged if the DC is out of stock. We allow different holding and backlog costs at the different DCs...

Clark and Scarf [1960] characterize optimal policies in a two-echelon, twolocation inventory model. We extend their result to the infinite-horizon case (for both discounted and average costs). The computations required are far easier than for the finite horizon problem. Further simplification is achieved for normal demands. We also consider the more interesting case of multiple locations at the...