A potential strategy to increase the efficacy of topotecan to treat central nervous system (CNS) malignancies is modulation of the activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers to enhance topotecan CNS penetration. This study focused on topotecan penetration into the brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and ventricular cerebrospinal flu...

After being placed on extracorporeal life support (ECLS), newborn patients typically weight 5% to 30% more than their birthweight. Recovery and eventual decannulation from ECLS is associated with a return to baseline weight or birthweight values after a pronounced diuresis. It has been assumed that the increases in weight in these patients are due to increases in extracellular fluid (ECF) and t...

Executive cognitive functions (ECFs) and other cognitive impairments, such as lower IQ and verbal deficits, have been associated with the pattern of antisocial and delinquent behavior starting in childhood (early-onset), but not with late-onset antisocial behavior. Beyond objective measures of ECF, basic symptoms are prodromal, subjectively experienced cognitive, perceptual, affective, and soci...

This report is a more in-depth explanation of a recently reported hypothesis for controlling the ionic calcium content of plasma and extracellular fluids (ECF). The hypothesis proposes a two-step process for returning calcium to the ECF against the established gradient continuously moving calcium from plasma to bone surfaces. The first step in this process is the predicted transfer of calcium d...

Genome sequence analysis of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa revealed the presence of two genes, named rpoE and rseA, predicted to encode an extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor and an anti-sigma factor, respectively. In this work, an rpoE null mutant was constructed in the citrus strain J1a12 and shown to be sensitive to exposure to heat shock and ethanol. To identify the X. fastidiosa...

Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors are a major type of bacterial signal-transducers whose biological functions remain poorly characterized in streptomycetes. In this work we studied SCO4117, a conserved ECF sigma factor from the ECF52 family overexpressed during substrate and aerial mycelium stages. The ECF52 sigma factors harbor, in addition to the ECF sigma factor domain, a zinc fi...

S100B protein is released by astrocytes into the brain extracellular fluid following acute brain injury and elevated levels in CSF and serum have been shown to correlate with patient outcome following traumatic brain injury. A prospective study of brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and serum S100B levels in 12 patients with severe head injury (GCS ≤ 8) was undertaken using intracerebral microdialy...

Generalizability theory was used to investigate the score consistency of observed extracellular fluid/intracellular fluid (ECF/ICF) ratio measurements for both the global and leg-segmental bio-impedance spectroscopy methods. The test instrument used was a Xitron Hydra ECF/ICF Bio-Impedance Analyzer System, model 4200 (Xitron Technologies, San Diego, CA). Fifty able-bodied American men (17 to 72...

Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized, posttranslationally modified peptide antibiotics. Microbisporicin is a potent lantibiotic produced by the actinomycete Microbispora corallina and contains unique chlorinated tryptophan and dihydroxyproline residues. The biosynthetic gene cluster for microbisporicin encodes several putative regulatory proteins, including, uniquely, an extracytoplasmic fu...

Micropuncture studies have disclosed that extracellular fluid (ECF) volume expansion inhibits sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule. The diuresis that ensues represents only a portion of the increment in sodium and water escaping proximal reabsorption, since a large and variable fraction of the increment is reabsorbed distally. In certain experimental models proximal reabsorption may be de...