We examine whether equity volatility can explain the difference in syndicated corporate loan spreads paid by U.S. and European borrowers first documented by Carey and Nini (2007). We argue that OLS estimates of the association between equity volatility and loan spreads are biased and inconsistent. We suggest instrumental variables that potentially identify consistent estimates. Our instrumental...

Search models of monetary exchange commonly assume that terms of trade in decentralized markets are determined via Nash bargaining. Bargaining frictions add to the classical intertemporal distortion present in most monetary models, whereby agents work today to obtain cash that can be used only in future transactions. More important, bargaining frictions may cause underproduction in decentralize...

The transport systems are dependent on the fossil fuels especially liquid fuels and these fuels are depleting at much faster rate than production. The consumption of fossil fuels is very unstable and directly affects the economy of our country as we are importing it from other nations so this factor has urged us to find other alternatives to prolong the usage of petroleum. Thus, by using bio-fu...

Chemoradiation therapy and a transsacral resection were performed to treat isolated squamous cell carsinoma that occurred in presacral tissues in the pelvis four years after gastrectomy due to early gastric cancer, with the prognosis continuing to be favorable. The patient was a 57-year-old woman, who came to our hospital having symptoms of anemia four years after gastrectomy. After a rectal ex...

We study an over-the-counter (OTC) market with bilateral meetings and bargaining where the usefulness of assets, as means of payment or collateral, is limited by the threat of fraudulent practices. We assume that agents can produce fraudulent assets at a positive cost, which generates endogenous upper bounds on the quantity of each asset that can be sold, or posted as collateral in the OTC mark...

Abstract The protein basic helix-loop-helix family member e40 (BHLHE40) is a transcription factor involved in cell cycle regulation and differentiation. It has recently emerged as key player immunity regulating T responses cytokine production during infections. To address the role of Bhlhe40in Chlamydiainfections, we infected WT Bhlhe40−/−mice intravaginally with Chlamydia muridarumand monitore...

This article provides a status report on discrete mathematics in America’s schools, including an overview of publications and programs that have had major impact. It discusses why discrete mathematics should be introduced in the schools and the authors’ efforts to advocate, facilitate, and support the adoption of discrete mathematics topics in the schools. Their perspective is that discrete mat...

The changes in the axon and growth cone numbers in the optic nerve of the freshwater turtle Mauremys leprosa were studied by electron microscopy from the embryonic day 14 (E14) to E80, when the animals normally hatch, and from the first postnatal day (P0) to adulthood (5 years on). At E16, the first axons appeared in the optic nerve and were added slowly until E21. From E21, the fibre number in...

We present the PFix algorithm for the fixed point problem f ðxÞ 1⁄4 x on a nonempty domain 1⁄2a; b ; where dX1; a; bAR ; and f is a Lipschitz continuous function with respect to the infinity norm, with constant qp1: The computed approximation x̃ satisfies the residual criterion jj f ðx̃Þ x̃jjNpe; where e40: In general, the algorithm requires no more than Pd i1⁄41s i function component evaluations,...

We explore how the ability to target ads affects substitution patterns across advertising platforms. Using data on the advertising prices paid by lawyers for 139 Google search terms in 195 locations, we exploit a natural experiment in “ambulance-chaser” regulations across states. When lawyers cannot contact clients by mail, making targeting customers offline harder, advertising prices per click...