This paper proposes a new decomposition method to understand how gender pay gaps arise within firms. The accounts for pipeline effects, non-stationary environments, and dynamic interactions between gap components. is applied data set covering all employees at the World Bank Group 1987 2015 shows that historical differences in positions which men women were hired account 77% of today’s average s...

The lack of dwarf stock with good cold resistance has affected the production apples in northern China. Annual dormant branches ‘Tianhong 2’ apple were grafted on 10 different interstocks (the rootstocks seedlings Malus hupehensis var. Pingyiensis) as test materials. Among these interstocks, Huang 6, 244, NO.1, 53, 24-5, ZC9-3, Jizhen 1 newly developed by us (Apple Research Group Hebei Agricult...