A few decades ago a dominant view in the developing world was that growth problems in developing countries could be best understood in terms of the international environment. Today no one seriously questions the influence of external conditions on growth. But most economists would also emphasize structural conditions within developing countries as key determinants of the large differences in th...

the present paper aims to highlight the origin of the youth movements in iran during the intervening years of 1971 and 2002. during these three decades, youth movement was one of the important social movements in the political arena of the country. while explaining the origin of the movement, two changes i.e. 'generation gap' and 'democracy' have been studied and it was found that the origin of...

Since its introduction several decades ago, Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD), has proved to be a powerful technique for synthesizing broad spectrum of functional thin films [...]

T hirty years ago, when I started performing bronchoscopy, sedation for flexible bronchoscopy was not a very common practice. At that time, some authors suggested that routine sedation could do little for patients undergoing the procedure and that bronchoscopy could be carried out without pre-medication [1–3]. However, over the last few decades, several things have changed. Patients’ need for c...

Nearly 50 years ago, theoretical physicists proposed that a field permeates the universe and gives energy to the vacuum. This field was required to explain why some, but not all, fundamental particles have mass. Numerous precision measurements during recent decades have provided indirect support for the existence of this field, but one crucial prediction of this theory has remained unconfirmed ...

The initiation incubation system some decades ago was established to support the start-ups during their initial phase of development. In the current era of information technology and social media, only incubation at one place does not satisfy the needs of the start-ups for co-creating value through innovative solutions. There have been numerous strategies and programs to encourage and support s...

There is an increasing interest in determining the impact of vaccine technologies developed using public funding targeted at international development, and understanding the factors and ingredients which contribute to the success and impacts of such vaccines. This paper chronicles the development of a live vaccine against East Coast fever, a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by Theileria parv...

While some of the questions have been around since Berle and Means (1932), the term \corporate governance" did not exist in the English language until twenty years ago. In the last two decades, however, corporate governance issues have become important not only in the academic literature, but also in public policy debates. During this period, corporate governance has been identi ed with takeove...