Generic water quality guidelines (WQGs) are developed by countries/regions as broad scale tools to assist with the protection of aquatic ecosystems from the impacts of toxicants. However, since generic WQGs cannot adequately account for the many environmental factors that may affect toxicity at a particular site, site-specific WQGs are often needed, especially for high environmental value ecosy...

Background:Every day, people with addiction cause heavy economic and cultural damage to society. In some circumstances, opioids are used as a tool for suicide, which is often seen in youth. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical signs of toxicity associated with opium in patients referred to Ardabil city hospital. Methods:This is a cross-sectional study that has been done on opiu...

Nanotherapeutics utilize the properties of nanomaterials to alter pharmacology drugs and therapies being transported, leading changes in their biological disposition (absorption, distribution, cellular uptake, metabolism elimination) ultimately, pharmacological effect. This provides an opportunity optimize drugs, particularly for those that are dependent on hepatic action. Old age is associated...

Current preclinical safety evaluation programs use a combination of computational methods, mechanistic in vitro screening and - primarily - in vivo experimentation to predict human toxicity. The rapid transition of pharmaceutical R&D into electronic R&D (e-R&D) makes it imperative that predictive safety testing also develops into an information-rich, knowledge-based process in the near future. ...

OBJECTIVES We compared three methods for identifying drug overdose cases in inpatient hospital discharge data on their ability to classify drug overdoses by intent and drug type(s) involved. METHODS We compared three International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code-based case definitions using Kentucky hospital discharge data for 2000-2011. The first defini...

BACKGROUND There is an increased risk of death due to drug toxicity after release from incarceration. The purpose of this study was to describe the timing, rate and circumstances of drug toxicity deaths following release from incarceration. This information can be used to help design potential preventive interventions. METHODS AND FINDINGS We reviewed coroner's files to identify deaths in adu...

Drug toxicity and adverse drug events Pharmacogenomics, as applied to medical practice, offers the promise of reduction in adverse drug events (ADEs), enhanced drug efficacy and selection of patients able to respond to specific agents. This editorial will focus on the history and evolving role of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics as it moves from the basic research laboratory into clinical ...