Extensive antigenic diversity within the GII.4 genotype of human norovirus is a major driver of pandemic emergence and a significant obstacle to development of cross-protective immunity after natural infection and vaccination. However, human and mouse monoclonal antibody studies indicate that, although rare, antibodies to conserved GII.4 blockade epitopes are generated. The mechanisms by which ...

During the past decade the relationship between biodiversity and human diversity has received increased attention, resulting in the identification of what the Declaration of Belém calls an ‘inextricable link’ between biological and cultural diversity. Although the term biocultural diversity, introduced to denote this link, is being used increasingly, there has been little critical reflection on...

The health care field (including feminist health care) recognizes that diversity is an issue. Evidence-based knowledge is needed to incorporate diversity into health care practices, but how best to conceptualize diversity remains a problem. Recent feminist scholarship highlights the need to conceptualize diversity in terms of intersectionality, but most conventional health care research that is...

A family of entropy indices constructed in the framework of Tsallis entropy formalism is used to investigate ecological diversity. It represents a new perspective in ecology because a simple equation can incorporate all aspects of α−diversity, from richness to dominance and can be also related to a measure of species rarity. In addition, a generalized Kullback-Leibler distance, constructed in t...

Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 359 I. Voting Rights Act, Section 2: Minority Voting Dilution and Protection of Communities of Common Interest ............................................................ 362 II. Democratic Inclusion and Demographic Diversity ..........................................

1 The effects of tree diversity on herbivore–enemy interactions have received relatively little attention and even fewer studies have compared the relative influence of tree intraversus interspecific diversity on such dynamics. 2 We evaluated the effects of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) genotypic diversity and tree species diversity on parasitoid attack and species richness associated with P...

Bug bounty programs have been proved effective in attracting external hackers to find and disclose potential flaws in a responsible way. There are many different bug bounty programs, so how do hackers balance diversity and concentration to effectively build their reputation in the vulnerability discovery ecosystem? In this paper, we present a novel methodology to understand how hackers spread t...

In this paper, a multi-antenna based receiver structure for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) system is proposed. The proposed scheme exploits the excellent time resolution of a CDMA RAKE receiver and uses an antenna array beamforming structure to resolve multipath returns in both angular and time domains. A much higher diversity gain than that based only on the time domai...

The in vitro antibody discovery technologies revolutionized the generation of target-specific antibodies that traditionally relied on the humoral response of immunized animals. An antibody library, a large collection of diverse, pre-constructed antibodies, can be rapidly screened using in vitro display technologies such as phage display. One of the keys to successful in vitro antibody discovery...

Despite recent innovative advances in molecular virology and the developments of vaccines, influenza virus remains a serious burden for human health. Vaccination has been considered a primary countermeasure for prevention of influenza infection. Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) are particularly attracting attention as an effective strategy due to several advantages over inactivated va...