protein secretory systems are found in all living organisms including gram negative bacteria, and eukaryotic cell’s organelles that are derived from these bacteria. unlike all other living organisms, gram negative bacteria have different protein secretory systems. at least there are four different independent secretory systems, which are responsible to transport the secreted proteins to the mil...

The effect of air pollution on chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) was examined in a study in the New York metropolitan area in 1972. Four study communities, sites A, B, C and D, were selected for the similarity of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Historically, these communities represented an increasing gradient of air pollution levels. However, after air quality improvement in th...

This work reports the chemical and light extinction characteristics of the atmospheric particles collected from January to November 2014 in suburban Nanjing. Size-segregated measurement results showed that more than 80% of the major aerosol components were concentrated in PM2.5. The concentration of PM2.5 was highest in winter and lowest in autumn. Specifically, K+ concentration peaked in late ...

Artificial neural network (ANN) is a commonly used approach to estimate or forecast air pollution levels, which are usually assessed by the concentrations of air contaminants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and suspended particulate matters (PMs) in the atmosphere of the concerned areas. Even through ANN can accurately estimate air pollution levels they are num...

The calculation of pollution mass balances is explained with reference to modelling indoor air quality in museums, and the implication of pollution deposition on building interior and museum objects is discussed. A short overview of the museum environments key pollutants and their effect on materials are given. Case studies, which compare buildings with and without air-filtration, old and new b...

Epidemiologic studies over the last 40 years suggest rather consistently that general ambient air pollution, chiefly due to the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, may be responsible for increased rates of lung cancer. This evidence derives from studies of lung cancer trends, studies of occupational groups, comparisons of urban and rural populations, and case-control and cohort studies using...

Pollution of air resulting from toxic wastes emitted by large manufacturing plants and power-generation plants is a much-studied topic. The issue of health hazards arising from water pollution (see Wagner, Shamir, and Marks, 1994), storage and transportation of hazardous materials, and genetically-engineered food products has been a topic of intense debate and considerable research for the last...

Types of available studies relevant to the quantification of air pollution health effects and their principal limitations are discussed. Assessments are provided based on review and re-analysis of previously reported data bases, synthesis of published findings, and original analysis of health data sets using new methods or recent size-specific particle mass measurements. Interim results from on...

Reviews find a likely adverse effect of air pollution on perinatal outcomes, but variation of findings hinders the ability to incorporate the research into policy. The International Collaboration on Air Pollution and Pregnancy Outcomes (ICAPPO) was formed to better understand relationships between air pollution and adverse birth outcomes through standardized parallel analyses in datasets from d...

Urban air pollution is a serious worldwide problem due to its impact on human health. In the past 60 years, growing evidence established a correlation between exposure to air pollutants and the developing of severe respiratory diseases. Recently particulate matter (PM) is drawing more public attention to various aspects including historical backgrounds, physicochemical characteristics, and its ...