We build networks of genetic similarity in which the nodes are organisms sampled from biological populations. The procedure is illustrated by constructing networks from genetic data of a marine clonal plant. An important feature in the networks is the presence of clone subgraphs, i.e. sets of organisms with identical genotype forming clones. As a first step to understand the dynamics that has s...

  Background: Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) is important in metabolism of wide range of drugs. CYP2C19*17 is a novel variant allele which increases gene transcription and therefore results in ultra-rapid metabolizer phenotype (URM). Distribution of this variant allele has not been well studied worldwide. The aim of present study was to investigate allele and genotype frequencies of CYP2C19*17 ...

The genetic polymorphism maintained by host-pathogen coevolution is analyzed in a multilocus model. The model assumes gene-for-gene interactions of the type commonly observed between host plants and their fungal pathogens. Unstable (epidemic) systems maintain more resistance genes, fewer virulence genes, and less overall genetic diversity than stable (endemic) diseases. The stability of the sys...

Received: September 4, 2005, Revised:February 2, 2008 – c © Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract. Most epidemic models assume equal mixing among members of a population. An alternative approach is to model a population as a random network in which individuals may have heterogeneous connectivity. This paper builds on previous research by describing the exact dynamical behavior of epidemics as they occu...

focus on political, economic, cultural city of kermanshah, the reasons for moving to the city, and consequently, it is natural population growth. this part of the urban hierarchy rule out - as far and despite the high potential for job creation in the province are because of the unbalanced distribution of population, the potential of the whole province is not to be used, so that today we face t...

the aim of this study was to present a model to identify and interpret sport places per capita according to distribution of thiessen networks in geographical information system (gis) space. to execute the model, three regions (5, 6 & 13) of isfahan city were considered and indoor pools were also considered as the sport place sample. dwg-format region maps and their blocks, spatial data and accu...

Data heterogeneity appears when the sample comes from at least two different populations. We analyze three types of situations. In the first and simplest case the majority of the data come from a central model and a few isolated observations come from a contaminating distribution. The data from the contaminating distribution are called outliers and they have been studied in depth in the statist...

Hierarchies of discrete probability measures are remarkably popular as nonparametric priors in applications, arguably due to two key properties: (i) they naturally represent multiple heterogeneous populations; (ii) they produce ties across populations, resulting in a shrinkage property often described as “sharing of information”. In this paper we establish a distribution theory for hierarchical...

The age distribution of the crust is a fundamental parameter in modeling continental evolution and the rate of crustal accretion through Earth’s history, but this is usually estimated from surface exposures. The exposed Yangtze craton in eastern China consists mainly of Proterozoic rocks with rare Archean outcrops. However, the U-Pb ages and Hf isotope systematics of xenocrystic zircons brought...