As a result, policy too often ignored the significance of the spatial location of activities, or has responded to spatial issues – such as regional policy – by focusing on sectors, on individual firms, or on housing. This article will argue that one of the main reasons for the failure of past policies is the failure to recognise some of the fundamental features of the economy as it is located i...

Purpose: This article aims to determine the resilience of solutions adopted in Poland scope participatory budgeting regarding crisis economy. Design/Methodology/Approach: Multiple case studies as research tool was used. It enabled a multi-faceted analysis functioning budgets (PB). Firstly - review literature on subject PBS, secondly an legal sources PBs Poland; thirdly information available web...

Vector control, including the use of bed nets, is recommended as a possible strategy for eliminating lymphatic filariasis (LF) in post-conflict countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This study examined the geographical factors that influence bed net ownership in DRC in order to identify hard-to-reach communities that need to be better targeted. In particular, urban/rural dif...

Network latency causes a delay in transmitting a message from one location to another. This can be attributed to several other factors, such as network congestion, network traffic, and computer storage capacities. Of course, the distance between two locations is the main factor that contributes to the delay. Since transmission between two cities will not be a straight path, latency is subject t...

This paper contains a description of a general class of city formation models. Individual economic agents have preferences for locations that depend upon the population distribution. A location's attractiveness depends upon some combination of its population and its average distance to other agents. Economic variables enter indirectly. Taking this broad perspective leads to a deeper understandi...

In one simulation, an artificial neural network was trained to rate the distances between pairs of cities on the map of Alberta, given only place names as input. Distance ratings ranged from 0 (when the network rated the distance between a city and itself) to 10. The question of interest was the nature of the representations developed by the network’s six hidden units after it successfully lear...

We reexamine the evidence for “border effects” in deviations from the law of one price, using data for consumer prices from Canadian and U.S. cities. The study parallels Engel and Rogers (1996), except that this study uses actual price data rather than price index data. We find evidence of border effects both in the levels of prices and the percentage change in prices. Even accounting for dista...