Existing methods of detecting explosives have many problems in terms of stability, sensitivity, high selectivity, and rapid sensing for any given situation. In this study, we selected a displacement method using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor, which is one of the ways to overcome these problems. In an SPR displacement immunoassay, the methods to realize a high sensitivity were i...

Small displacement methods have been successfully used to calculate the lattice dynamical properties of crystals. It involves displacing atoms by a small amount in order induced forces on all supercell for computation force constants. Even though these are widely use, our knowledge, there is no systematic discussion optimal directions from crystal's symmetry point view nor rigorous error analys...