Naohiro Matsumura*1*2 Yu Kato*3 Yukio Ohsawa*1*4 Mitsuru Ishizuka*3 *1 Japan Science and Technology, PRESTO, 2-2-11-906 Tsutsujigaoka, Miyaginoku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-0852 Japan *2 Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan *3 Graduate School of Information Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan *4 Gr...

Britain's leading independent think-tank on international development and humanitarian issues About HPG The Humanitarian Policy Group at the Overseas Development Institute is dedicated to improving humanitarian policy and practice. It conducts independent research, provides specialist advice and promotes informed debate.

Working papers of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment on research in progress. They may not have been subject to the formal editorial review accorded offi cial Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland publications. The views stated herein are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Ban...

the major aim of this study was to investigate the effect of literary discussion on critical thinking. to this end, two classes (experimental and control groups) were selected from college of ferdowsi university. in both groups literature was used as supplementary homework. students were supposed to read short stories and poems at home and present them in class. the students in the experimental...

limitations and exceptions of copyright is a main issue in the intellectual property law and it determines national welfare. limitations and exceptions strengths the community. thus, the justice among the owners and the community is essential. this article attempts to study the structure of copyright and limitations and exceptions and provides appropriate recommendations.

purpose: the current research aims to investigate the status of knowledge sharing amongst librarians in lis, ala and alia discussion groups. methodology: through purposive sampling, librarians from three discussion groups (ala, alia & lis-iranian discussion list) who announced their intention to participate in the research (460 people) were asked to complete the questionnaire between 2010/10/23...

over a billion of muslims fast worldwide during ramadan each year. through this religious custom, fasting contributes to their health as well as their spiritual growth. however, available evidence regarding the health-benefits of ramadan fasting is scarce and highly contentious. although islam exempts patients from fasting, many fast conceivably, and their clinical condition is prone to deterio...