Ultrasound time-of-flight methods employing counter-propagating ultrasonic pulses are utilized for the direct measurement of circulation in vortical flows. Two schemes are described here which involve either a single straight path or a closed path. Both techniques are shown to result in time differences, between the counter-propagating pulses around the path, linearly proportional to the circul...

Cost identification is fundamental to many economic analyses of health care. Health care costs are often derived from administrative databases. Unit costs may also be obtained from published studies. When these sources will not suffice (e.g., in evaluating interventions or programs), data may be gathered directly through observation and surveys. This article describes how to use direct measurem...

Monodisperse microcapsules with ultra-thin membranes are microfluidically designed to be highly sensitive to osmotic pressure, thereby providing a tool for the direct measurement of the osmotic strength. To make such osmocapsules, water-in-oil-in-water double-emulsion drops with ultra-thin shells are prepared as templates through emulsification of core-sheath biphasic flow in a capillary microf...

Experimental results for the restricted energy loss of pairs created from 1-178 GeV photons in a thin Au target and subsequently passing a CCD detector are presented. It is shown that pairs--when detected close to the creation vertex--suffer a reduced energy loss due to the internal screening of the charges constituting the pair. Furthermore, the ability to measure directly the energy of the pa...

Children are not retarded. Only their behavior in average environments is sometimes retarded. In fact, it is modern science's ability to design suitable environments for these children that is retarded. We design environments to maintain life, but not to maintain dignified behavior. The purpose of this paper is to suggest techniques of designing prosthetic environments for maximizing the behavi...

The energy landscape of proteins is thought to have an intricate, corrugated structure. Such roughness should have important consequences on the folding and binding kinetics of proteins, as well as on their equilibrium fluctuations. So far, no direct measurement of protein energy landscape roughness has been made. Here, we combined a recent theory with single-molecule dynamic force spectroscopy...

The NA48 experiment at the CERN SPS aims to search for direct CP /violation in the K system through the measurement of Re(ε/ε) with high accuracy. In 1999 the NA48 collaboration has published its first measurement based on 1997 data. The final result based on 1998 and 1999 data is presented in this article. The result, combined with 1997 data, Re(ε/ε) = (15.3 ± 2.6) × 10, definitely established...

Oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence has been used extensively for the last 25 years as a reliable method for measuring oxygen. Major strengths of the method are that it is noninvasive, except for the phosphor, and calibration is absolute. Because it is an optical method, oxygen can be measured through the walls of optically clear chambers. The method’s absolute calibration means that ...