This chapter focuses on costing methods usually applied in cost analysis and health-related economic evaluations. The quality of an economic evaluation depends on the quality and precision of data collection and on transparency and comprehensivenness of costing resources. Costs, from an economic perspective, are related to opportunity costs; this economic conceptualization is different from a f...

A~-This paper compares two implementation models for abstract data types: direct and indirect implementations. Direct implementations offer relatively cheap execution and expensive compilation costs while indirect implementations result in relatively expensive implementations and cheap compilation costs. These two models are both accommodated by Ada, and a small experiment compares their costs ...

INTRODUCTION Malaria remains a real problem of public health. Its hospital care generates important expenditures for affected households. The present study aimed to estimate direct and indirect costs of severe child malaria in reference hospitals in Kinshasa. METHODOLOGY This prospective study included 1,350 children under 15 years of age suffering from severe malaria. The study was performed...

BACKGROUND The present study aimed to estimate the cost of rheumatoid arthritis and its components in a university hospital-based health management organization in Argentina, during the prebiologic era. METHODS A one-year (2002) observational prevalence, cost-of illness study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis from the societal perspective was performed in a hospital-based health managemen...

Background and Purpose Cost-effectiveness analyses of stroke management are hampered by paucity of economic data. We made an update of the direct and indirect costs of stroke in Sweden (population, 8.5 million). Methods Direct costs (ie, the costs for hospital and outpatient care and social services) were estimated on the basis of two prospective population-based studies of stroke and of two na...

BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable chronic disease that predominantly affects young adults. It has a high socio-economic impact which increases as disability progresses. An assessment of the real costs of MS may contribute to our knowledge of the disease and to treat it more efficiently. Our objective is to assess the direct and indirect costs of MS from a societal perspective, ...

OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of type 2 diabetes on direct and indirect costs and to describe the effect of relevant diabetes-related factors, such as type of treatment or glycaemic control on direct costs. DESIGN Bottom-up excess cost analysis from a societal perspective based on population-based survey data. PARTICIPANTS 9160 observations from 6803 individuals aged 31-96 years (9.6% wit...