Virtual communities’ emergence and innovative technologies bring up new types of accounting transaction methods. These methods go beyond the existing economics knowledge current legal solutions. societies develop share their payment medium for goods services exchange. The use cryptocurrency has been enhanced during COVID -19 era due to health guidelines minimize virus’s spread. Cryptocurrencies...

In June 2019, Facebook announced its own cryptocurrency “Libra” to be used through WhatsApp and Messenger, in order for value remain stable thanks the support from banks electronic commerce companies, linking different currencies of important companies. EU antitrust regulators investigated it as a “threat monetary sovereignty”. China is already testing DCEP tied state major with notable advanta...

The article describes a new method of payment for the purchases in contract sale, by items exchange called digital currencies. Undeniably, currencies are evolving as asset class, absence solid legal recognition. private issuance such currency poses risk traders. While some jurisprudences treat money, other view them property. Digital traded on exchanges commodities, and stored information, how ...

On Jan. 1, 1999 the European Union introduced a common currency Euro (EUR), to become the legal currency in all eleven countries which form the EUR. In order to test the EUR behavior and understand various features, the EUR exchange rate is artificially extrapolated back to 1993 by a linear superposition of the exchange rates of the 11 currencies composing EUR with respect to several currencies...

lockchains are a new form of informat ion technol o g y tha t cou ld have several important future applications. One is blockchain thinking, formulating thinking as a blockchain process. This could have benefits for both artificial intelligence and human enhancement, and their potential integration. Blockchain thinking is outlined here as an input-processing-output computational system. Its ben...

The features of a new global economy appear stronger and faster than the changes recorded by throughout history, “Covid-19” pandemic has accelerated these transformations, achieving on ground experience to deal with digital payment via credit cards use online applications, it marks beginning end era paper currencies. And trend towards investing in crypto currencies part investors, conjunction c...

This paper investigates the interdependence of US dollar exchange rates expressed in other major currencies. Focusing on different phases of the Global financial crisis (GFC) and the Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis (ESDC), we adopt a dynamic conditional correlation model into a multivariate Fractionally Integrated Asymmetric Power ARCH (FIAPARCH) framework, during the period 2004–2011. The findi...

The ubiquity of loyalty programs has given rise to a multitude of new currencies (e.g., frequent flier miles, Hilton HHonors points, Diner’s Club “Club Rewards”) that people accrue, save and spend much like traditional paper money. Unlike cash, these alternative currencies are not perfectly fungible. In other words, they are neither universally accepted, nor can they be spent in any increment, ...

The relation between the volatilities of pricing kernels associated with different currencies and the volatility of the exchange rate between the currencies is derived under the assumption of integrated capital markets, and the volatilities of the pricing kernels are related to the foreign exchange risk premium. Time series of pricing kernel volatilities are estimated from panel data on bond yi...

In this paper, we attempt to understand and identify the cyclical fluctuations in cryptocurrency markets. To end, apply Markov-Switching approach on daily prices of 17 selected digital currencies. This model allows us capture nonlinear structure cryptocurrencies’ prices. The empirical results clearly show potential difference(s) among currencies when they react varying levels pandemic's severit...