Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) range from mild to severe lesions that can be immediately lethal. TBI can be caused by different injury mechanisms [1] such as focal impact, acceleration-deceleration and blast waves. The primary physical impact may lead to focal tissue injury or more dispersed injuries, such as diffuse axonal injury (DAI) but in many clinical cases there is a complex mixture of b...

A comprehensive neuropathological study was undertaken on 87 children aged between 2 and 15 years with fatal head injuries to identify those features which occurred at the time of head injury (fractured skull, contusions, intracranial haematoma and diffuse axonal injury) and those which were subsequently produced by complicating processes (hypoxic brain damage, raised intracranial pressure, inf...

Blast wave-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common injuries to military personnel. Brain tissue compression/tension due to blast-induced cranial deformations and shear waves due to head rotation may generate diffuse micro-damage to neuro-axonal structures and trigger a cascade of neurobiological events culminating in cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders. Although dif...

Diffuse axonal injury is a hallmark pathological consequence of non-penetrative traumatic brain injury (TBI) and yet the axonal responses to stretch injury are not fully understood at the cellular level. Here, we investigated the effects of mild (5%), very mild (0.5%) and repetitive very mild (2×0.5%) axonal stretch injury on primary cortical neurons using a recently developed compartmentalized...

Traumatic brain injury causes diffuse axonal injury and loss of cortical neurons. These features are well recognized histologically, but their in vivo monitoring remains challenging. In vivo cortical microdialysis samples the extracellular fluid adjacent to neurons and axons. Here, we describe a novel neuronal proteolytic pathway and demonstrate the exclusive neuro-axonal expression of Pavlov's...

c Abstract: Background: Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs) are a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, disability and socioeconomic losses in India and other developing countries. The first Computed Tomography (CT) scan of TBI patient is vital in diagnosing underlying neuroparenchymal injury and also plays a predictive role. Aim and Objectives: We intended to correlate features on the admission C...

Allison C. Bain and David F. Meaney Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania An in vivo, tissue-level, mechanical threshold for functional injury to CNS white matter was determined by comparing electrophysiological impairment to estimated tissue strain in an in vivo model of axonal injury. Axonal injury was produced by transiently stretching the right optic nerve of an adult male...

A detailed neuropathological study of patients identified clinically after head injury as either severely disabled (SD, n = 30) or vegetative (VS, n = 35) has been carried out to determine the nature and frequency of the various pathologies that form the basis of these clinical states. Patients who were SD were older (SD median 49.5 yrs vs. VS median 38 yrs, p = .04), more likely to have a luci...