We investigated how perceived achromatic and chromatic contrast changes with luminance. The experiment consisted of test reference displays viewed haploscopically, where each eye sees one the displays. Test stimuli presented on display a background varying luminance levels (0.02, 2,20,200,2000 cd/m²) were matched in to at fixed 200 cd/m² level. found that approximate constancy holds p...

The soil reaction of the monopile foundation subjected to lateral loading in offshore wind turbines is typically assessed relying on p-y curves advocated by API. However, this method inadequate for gradually increasing diameters and significantly underestimates confinement. In present works, a 3D pile-soil interaction finite element model was first established, considering suction strain harden...

In this paper, the effect of footing shape resting on dry sand when subjected to machine dynamic loading is experimentally investigated. A laboratory set-up was prepared simulate case at different operating frequencies. Nine models were tested examine effects combinations two parameters, including frequencies (0.5, 1, and 2 Hz) shapes (circular, square rectangular). The tests conducted under a ...