modernity is a reality that formed in framework of the enlightenment movement and histo-cultural context of west european countries as an internal process. because of the disseminating nature of modernity, its waves spread across the non-western countries. this article focuses on the outcomes of imported modernity in intellectual level of the non-western countries. for analyzing this topic, rus...

the concept of shoura (council), and the relationship between shoura and democracy, has a key role in development of religious modernist debates in muslim world. the “general theory of shoura” is one of these theories on islamic democracy that provided and developed by dr. towfiq mohammad al-shavi(birth, 1918/egypt). the three aspects of his theory are: 1) the religious basis of shoura that pro...

Superstition is an unreasonable and non-scientific belief that roots in the world of imagination, mixed with culture and accepted by the community members as a natural phenomenon. Superstition not only blocks the development process but also has numerous negative effects. The main objective of the research is to study the social factors influencing superstition among students of Islamic Azad Un...

Dams were unique in the scope and manner in which they altered the distribution of resources across space and time, among entire communities and ecosystems. They o ered more than just a promise of agricultural development or technical progress. For many postcolonial governments, this ability to rearrange the natural and social environment became a means to demonstrate the strength of the modern...