Analysis of the relative and absolute Raman intensity is very important and powerful tool which allows to understand and characterize the modifications of the crystal/amorphous structure due to: (i) changes of the symmetry, e.g. substitution of the B site ion by the rare earth/lanthanide one and incorporation of mobile species in the case of high temperature protonic conducting perovskites; (ii...

Brain development is determined by neuronal differentiation including changes of cell polarity and asymetric growth of neuronal processes. Although, there are many unkown factors contributing to changes of lenght of neuronal cones, mounting experimental and review papers focus on changes of growth conus and role of axonal transport. In particular, mechanisms of actin/microtubule polymerisation ...

Microtubules (MTs) exhibit dynamic instability, alternating between phases of growth and shortening, mostly at their uncapped plus ends. Based on results from cryo-electron microscopy it was proposed that growing MTs display mainly curved sheets and blunt ends; during depolymerisation curled 'ramshorns' predominate. Observations of MTs in mitotic cells have suggested that the situation in vivo ...

The recent discovery that the prevention of lignin repolymerisation/condensation in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment can both enhance bioconversion cellulose and quality obtained lignin, has brought a lignocellulose biorefinery closer to reality. In this work, development approach last advancements are reviewed. review reveals successful implementation for wide range substrates including so...

Abstract Electron‐rich phenolic substrates can be derived from the depolymerisation of lignin feedstocks. Direct biotransformations hydroxycinnamic acid monomers obtained exploited to produce high‐value chemicals, such as α‐amino acids, however reaction is often hampered by chemical autooxidation in alkaline or harsh media. Regioselective O ‐methyltransferases (OMTs) are ubiquitous enzymes natu...

Lignin is the second most abundant natural biopolymer, and lignin wastes are therefore potentially significant sources for renewable chemicals such as fuel compounds, as alternatives to fossil fuels. Waste valorisation of lignin is currently limited to a few applications such as in the pulp industry, however, because of the lack of effective extraction and characterisation methods for the chemi...