D espite recent studies on leadership, the discipline of International Relations is still reluctant to engage in studies of individual agency in the international structure. Two prominent examples are the leader of the Catholic Church, the pope, and the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General (UNSG). Neither of them is a leader in control of considerable hard power, yet both exemplify the puzzle ...

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Many of the most signiŽ cant events in international relations—wars, coups, revolutions, massive economic depressions, economic shocks—are rare events. They occur infrequently but are considered of great importance. In international relations, as in other disciplines, rare events—that is, binary dependent variables characterized by dozens to thousands of times fewer 1’s (events such as wars or ...

History shows that ‘security, whether defined narrowly or widely, is a scarce commodity’. Therefore, it is generally observed that in face of security threat perceptions, states feel the necessity to combine their efforts to strengthen their own security by acting together. This brings us to the concept of collective security, which has been widely debated in the literature of international rel...