Abstract What percentage of its assets should a defined benefit pension plan invest into stocks as funding ratio varies? We show that the answer to this question depends on institutional setting and in particular extent which sponsoring company contributes fund varies. consider two settings: one setting, only if is below target level (as case, for example, US); other always Switzerland). these ...

The term Software Defined Networking (SDN) is prevalent in todays discussion about future communication networks. However, no consistent definition regarding this technology has formed, yet. The fragmented view on SDN results in legacy products being passed off by equipment vendors as SDN, academics mixing up the attributes of SDN with those of network virtualization, and users not fully unders...

undoubtedly, one of the most fundamental issues in the study of law is obligation that has diverse types. one of them is alternative obligation which, despite instances in the iranian legal system, has not been mentioned by the civil code and has received less attention from authors. alternative obligation for the parties has several advantages and facilities including further guarantee of the ...

in articles of 196,768 and 769, the iranian civil code, under influence of the french law (art.1121 civ. code) and imamieh's jurisprudence, without any explanation to the legal nature of the contract for the benefit of third party, has briefly allowed the contracting parties to create an obligation for the benefit of third party. this brevity caused an ambiguity in explaining of the relati...

The most promising account of parental obligation currently on offer is a causal account. According to such an account, parents incur obligation to their offspring by causing them to exist. Causal accounts are explanatorily strong—the moral force of causing someone to exist seems straightforward. They seem to more or less capture our everyday intuitions about who is a parent with parental oblig...

OpenFlow is a protocol-implementing Software Defined Networking, a new networking paradigm, which segregates packet forwarding and accounting from the routing decisions and advanced protocols. This segregation increases agility and flexibility and reduces operational expenses of the networking infrastructure. Despite the apparent benefits, many companies are unable to upgrade their networks to ...