Anti-CD20 therapy has had a truly dramatic impact on treatment and outcome of patients with follicular lymphoma. Unfortunately, the majority of responses to single-agent rituximab are incomplete, and all patients with follicular lymphoma will experience disease progression at some point following rituximab therapy. Rituximab has multiple mechanisms of inducing in vivo cytotoxicity, including an...

The effect of the antineoplastic agent cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) on spontaneous cytotoxicity of human mononuclear cells in vitro was assessed. cis-DDP enhanced spontaneous monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity 300% compared to control values. Further, this spontaneous monocyte killing developed earlier (3 to 4 days) than did that of untreated cells (5 to 7 days). Since monocyte cytoto...

The effect of the adenosine diphosphoribosyltransferase inhibitors, the substituted benzamides, on the cytotoxicity of 6-thioguanine (6TG) was investigated. Nontoxic concentrations of benzamides potentiated the cytotoxicity of 6TG with a dose enhancement factor of 2, producing a 6-fold increase in cell killing at 10% survival. 6TG treatment did not deplete cellular NAD levels, and in the presen...

Under certain conditions, pathogens like Yersinia secrete high levels of proteins. This ability correlates with cytotoxicity and virulence. The complete inactivity of the secreted proteins when added directly to host cells stimulated research to disclose this ‘‘non-AB toxin mechanism’’ of virulence, and eventually led to the discovery of the type III secretion mechanism and the ‘‘injection mode...

objective(s): this study focused on determining cytotoxic effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (cuo nps) on chronic myeloid leukemia (cml) k562 cell line in a cell-specific manner and its possible mechanism of cell death. we investigated the cytotoxicity of cuo nps against k562 cell line (cancerous cell) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (normal cell). materials and methods: the toxicity w...

Cytotoxicity is a commonly used in vitro endpoint for evaluating chemical toxicity. In support of the U.S. Tox21 screening program, the cytotoxicity of ~10K chemicals was interrogated at 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, & 40 hours of exposure in a concentration dependent fashion in two cell lines (HEK293, HepG2) using two multiplexed, real-time assay technologies. One technology measures the metabolic activit...

We determined the effect of 17 -estradiol on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced cytotoxicity in human peripheral T lymphocytes (T cells) using lactate dehydrogenase assay. Treatment with 17 -estradiol (1–100 nM) for 24 h showed dose-dependent reduction of TNFinduced cytotoxicity in T cells. To further evaluate the mechanism of 17 -estradiol on TNF-induced cytotoxicity in T cells, we identified...

Mercaptopurine and thioguanine are anticancer and immunosuppressive agents that exert their primary cytotoxic effects via incorporation of deoxythioguanosine (dG(s)) into DNA, but the precise mechanism(s) by which this causes cytotoxicity remains unknown. We initially determined that the level of dG(s) incorporation into DNA of human T- and B-lineage leukemia cell lines did not correlate signif...

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) of mice can destroy tumor cells effectively in vitro in the presence of antitumor polysaccharide, linear 0-1,3-o-glucan from Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes IFO 13140 (TAK), and some other immunomodulators. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of the tumoricidal activity of PMN induced by these immunomodulators and especially TAK. The TAK-in...

Studies of the biological chemistry of most anticancer drugs have revealed their cytotoxicity is expressed after the drugs have entered cells. It is thought that anthracycline antitumor drugs exert their cytotoxicity by entering cells, diffusing into nuclei, and inhibiting topoisomerase II and/or intercalating DNA base pairs. In order to deliver anthracyclines to transferrin (TRF) receptors on ...