Increased-branching mutants of garden pea (Pisum sativum; ramosus [rms]) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; more axillary branches) were used to investigate control of cytokinin export from roots in relation to shoot branching. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that regulation of xylem sap cytokinin is dependent on a long-distance feedback signal moving from shoot to root. With the ex...

priming is one of the seed enhancement methods that might be resulted in increased seed performance (germination and emergence), seedling growth and plant yield under stress conditions, such as salinity, temperature and drought stress. in order to evaluate the effect of growth hormones on morphology characteristics and essential oil of basil under drought stress condition, a experiment was cond...

Cytokinins have been implicated in many developmental processes and environmental responses of plants, including leaf senescence, apical dominance, chloroplast development, anthocyanin production, and the regulation of cell division and sink/source relationships. They were identified in the pioneering work of Skoog and Miller (1957) by their ability to promote cell division in cultured cells in...

Cytokinins are a structurally diverse group of N 6 -substituted purine derivatives capable of inducing plant cell division. The discovery of cytokinins by Folke Skoog and colleagues in the 1950s initially focused on kinetin, a synthetic compound derived from autoclaved salmon sperm DNA (Miller et al., 1955). Miller, Skoog, and others subsequently found that cytokinins are naturally occurring pl...

Cytokinins are a structurally diverse group of N 6 -substituted purine derivatives capable of inducing plant cell division. The discovery of cytokinins by Folke Skoog and colleagues in the 1950s initially focused on kinetin, a synthetic compound derived from autoclaved salmon sperm DNA (Miller et al., 1955). Miller, Skoog, and others subsequently found that cytokinins are naturally occurring pl...

Cytokinins are classic hormones that orchestrate plant growth and development and the integrity of stem cell populations. Cytokinin receptors are eukaryotic sensor histidine kinases that are activated by both naturally occurring adenine-type cytokinins and urea-based synthetic compounds. Crystal structures of the Arabidopsis thaliana histidine kinase 4 sensor domain in complex with different cy...

The formation of glycoconjugates depends on nucleotide sugars, which serve as donor substrates for glycosyltransferases in the lumen of Golgi vesicles and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Import of nucleotide sugars from the cytosol is an important prerequisite for these reactions and is mediated by nucleotide sugar transporters. Here, we report the identification of REPRESSOR OF CYTOKININ DEFIC...

The plant hormone cytokinin stimulates target caulonemata of Funaria to form buds that develop into the leafy gametophyte. Previous reports have shown that increases in intracellular Ca(2+) occur during hormone-activated budding concomitant with an alteration in the polarity of the organelles in the bud site. In order to ascertain the involvement of voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels in this phe...

Cytokinins are phytohormones that induce cytokinesis and are essential for diverse developmental and physiological processes in plants. Cytokinins of the trans-zeatin type are mainly synthesized in root vasculature and transported to the shoot, where they regulate shoot growth. However, the mechanism of long-distance transport of cytokinin was hitherto unknown. Here, we report that the Arabidop...

Key steps in a plant’s development and adaptation to the environment are the initiation and development of lateral roots (LRs). LR development is regulated by auxin, the major plant hormone promoting LR formation, its counteracting hormones cytokinin, and abscisic acid (ABA). Here, we show that mutating ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4), which encodes an ABA-regulated AP2 domain transcription f...